Mu makina osamutsira magetsi a cryogenic, mtengo woyambira kugula ndi gawo limodzi lokha la equation. Pazokhazikitsa zazifupi komanso zosavuta, kutchinjiriza kwachikhalidwe kumatha kukhalabe yankho lothandiza. Komabe, pantchito yopitilira yamafakitale, makamaka pa ntchito ya LNG, nayitrogeni yamadzimadzi, argon, kapena hydrogen, kutayika kwa ntchito ndi zofunikira pakukonza nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunika kwambiri kuposa mtengo woyambirira wa zida.

Kutengera ndi ntchito zomwe taona m'munda kwa zaka zambiri, makina oteteza utsi nthawi zambiri amabwezeretsa ndalama zambiri zomwe adayika kale mkati mwa zaka 1.5 mpaka 2, kutengera momwe ntchito ikuyendera, mtengo wa chinthucho, ndi kutalika kwa chitoliro.

Chifukwa chake magwiridwe antchito anthawi zonse oteteza kutentha amasinthasintha pakapita nthawi

Zipangizo zodziwika bwino zotetezera kutentha monga thovu la polyurethane, galasi la cell, kapena perlite zingapereke mphamvu yovomerezeka ya kutentha pamene zatsopano. Nthawi zambiri kutentha kumakhala pakati pa 0.015–0.030 W/m·K m'malo abwino.

Vuto ndilakuti machitidwe a cryogenic nthawi zambiri sagwira ntchito bwino kwa nthawi yayitali.

M'malo okhala ndi chinyezi, n'kovuta kupewa kulowa kwa chinyezi kwathunthu. Perlite imatha kukhazikika pakapita nthawi, ndipo kutchinjiriza thovu kumatha kuvutika ndi ukalamba, kupsinjika, kapena kuwonongeka kwa makina panthawi yogwira ntchito ndi kukonza. Mu ntchito zina, mphamvu ya kutentha imachepa kwambiri patatha zaka zingapo yogwira ntchito.

Pa mizere yotumizira nayitrogeni yamadzimadzi kapena LNG, ngakhale kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa kutentha kumatha kuwonjezera kupanga nthunzi. Pa mtunda wautali wotumizira, izi zimakhudza mwachindunji kutayika kwa zinthu ndi magwiridwe antchito a makina.

Kukonza ndi chinthu china chomwe nthawi zina chimaonedwa ngati chonyozeka panthawi yogula. Kuteteza kutentha kukangodzaza kapena kuwonongeka, ntchito yokonza nthawi zambiri imakhala yovuta, makamaka pa malo oikapo mapaipi akunja kapena malo ogwirira ntchito.

Ubwino wa kutentha kwa vacuum insulation

Mapaipi otetezedwa ndi vacuumimagwira ntchito mosiyana. Mwa kusuntha malo ozungulira kupita ku mulingo wapamwamba wa vacuum, mpweya wotulutsa mpweya ndi convection zimachepetsedwa kufika pamlingo wotsika kwambiri. Radiation imakhala njira yayikulu yosamutsira kutentha, yomwe imachepetsedwa kudzera mu kapangidwe ka multilayer insulation.

Mu mikhalidwe yokhazikika ya vacuum, mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya kutentha nthawi zambiri imatha kukhala pakati pa 0.0005–0.002 W/m·K, kutengera kapangidwe ka makina ndi kutentha kogwirira ntchito.

Mwachidule, kuchepetsa kutentha kumeneku kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyezeka pa kutayika kwa madzi oundana. Mwachitsanzo, mu ntchito imodzi ya gasi yamafakitale yokhudza kusamutsa madzi a argon, kuuma kwa madzi oundana kunachepetsedwa kwambiri atasintha mapaipi okhazikika oundana ndi makina oteteza mpweya. Kusunga kwenikweni kumadalira kuchuluka kwa madzi oyenda, nthawi yogwirira ntchito, malo ozungulira, ndi mtunda wotumizira.

Kukhazikika kwa vacuum kwa nthawi yayitali ndikofunikira

Mfundo imodzi yofunika yomwe nthawi zambiri imanyalanyazidwa ndi yakuti khalidwe la vacuum palokha liyenera kukhala lokhazikika pakapita nthawi.

Makina opumira mpweya osasinthasintha amatha kuchepa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha mpweya wotuluka, kulowa kwa chisindikizo, kapena kuchuluka kwa kutayikira pang'ono komwe kumasonkhana pazaka zambiri zogwira ntchito. Zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala pang'onopang'ono, koma zikagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali zimakhala zofunikira.

Kuti tithetse vutoli, makina athu akhoza kukhala ndiDongosolo la Pampu Yopumira Yopanda Mphamvu, yomwe nthawi ndi nthawi imachotsa mpweya wosazizira kuchokera pamalo ozungulira ndipo imathandiza kuti vacuum igwire bwino ntchito ikagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Njira imeneyi ndi yothandiza kwambiri pa zomangamanga zazikulu za LNG, malo opangira ma semiconductor, ndi ntchito zomwe zimakhala ndi ntchito yopitilira pomwe kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali ndikofunikira.

Mu malo ena ogwiritsira ntchito ma semiconductor ku Asia, kuchuluka kwa vacuum kunakhalabe pansi pa 5×10⁻⁵ mbar patatha zaka zingapo akugwira ntchito ndi kukonza vacuum nthawi ndi nthawi. Pansi pa ntchito yofanana, machitidwe ena achizolowezi a vacuum omwe amasinthasintha amatha kufunikira kuchotsedwanso ku fakitale.

Zigawo zina zomwe zili kunja kwa chitolirocho

Kugwira ntchito kwa makina osamutsira madzi a cryogenic sikungotsimikiziridwa ndi gawo lolunjika la chitoliro chokha.

Ma valve, ma flexible connections, phase separator, ndi zinthu zina zingakhalenso magwero ofunikira a kutentha ngati sizikutetezedwa bwino.

Mwachitsanzo, ma valvu a cryogenic achikhalidwe amatha kupanga ma thermal bridges okhala m'malo osiyanasiyana.Vavu yophimba jeketeMapangidwe ake amathandiza kuchepetsa kwambiri izi ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya kutentha kwa dongosolo lonse.

Zolekanitsa magawondizofunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe kupangika kwa nthunzi kumakhudza kukhazikika kwa zida zapansi pamadzi. Mu makina a haidrojeni ndi LNG, kusunga kutumizidwa kwamadzimadzi kokhazikika kungathandize kuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa magwiridwe antchito ndikuwonjezera nthawi yosamalira zinthu zobisika.

Mu makina opangira mpweya m'mafakitale, mapayipi osinthika oteteza vacuum pamodzi ndi ang'onoang'onomatanki osungiramo zinthu zotenthetsera mpweyaZingathenso kupangitsa kuti kuyika kukhale kosavuta poyerekeza ndi mapangidwe a mapaipi olimba mokwanira, makamaka pamene pali kuchepa kwa malo kapena kuyenda kwa zida.

Chitsanzo kuchokera ku kukhazikitsidwa kwa LNG konyowa

Pulojekiti ina ku Southeast Asia inali yokhudza mapaipi osamutsira LNG omwe anayikidwa pafupi ndi malo opakira katundu a magalimoto m'mphepete mwa nyanja komwe kuli chinyezi chambiri. Dongosolo loyambirira linkagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi otetezedwa ndi thovu.

Pakapita nthawi, kunyowa mobwerezabwereza kunayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zotetezera kutentha komanso ntchito yokonzanso mobwerezabwereza. Malinga ndi wogwiritsa ntchito, kusintha zinthu zotetezera kutentha ndi ntchito zina zomwe zikugwirizana nazo zinali ndalama zambiri zomwe zinkabwerezedwanso panthawi yogwira ntchito ya fakitale.

Dongosololi linasinthidwa kukhala mapaipi oteteza mpweya m'malo otayira mpweya komanso mapayipi oteteza mpweya m'malo otayira mpweya olumikizidwa ku dongosolo lokonza mpweya m'malo otayira mpweya.

Pambuyo pa kukonzanso, zofunikira pakukonza zinthu zokhudzana ndi kutenthetsa zidachepa kwambiri, ndipo kupitiriza kugwira ntchito kudakula. Ngakhale kuti makina otenthetsera mpweya woipa adafuna ndalama zambiri zoyambira, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo adaganiza kuti ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza kwa nthawi yayitali zinali zochepa kwambiri panthawi yomwe ntchitoyo idakonzedweratu.

Kuyesa mtengo wonse m'malo mwa mtengo wogulira wokha

Kwa magulu ogula zinthu, kuwunika mtengo wa zida za tsiku loyamba lokha nthawi zina kungapereke chithunzi chosakwanira cha zachuma chonse cha dongosolo.

Mu ntchito zambiri zopitilira cryogenic, kutentha komwe kumatuluka nthawi zambiri pakapita zaka zambiri kumabweretsa mphamvu ndi mtengo wa chinthu. Kusiyanaku kumaonekera kwambiri pamene mtunda wotumizira ndi maola ogwirira ntchito akuwonjezeka.

Makina athu adapangidwa motsatira zofunikira za ASME B31.3 ndi EN 13458.Chitoliro chotenthetsera cha vacuumZigawo zikupezeka mu 304 ndi 316L zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito potenthetsa mobwerezabwereza.Paipi yosinthasinthaMisonkhano ingakonzedwenso kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito molimbika kwambiri kutengera zomwe polojekiti ikufuna.

Kuchita bwino kwenikweni ndi phindu la ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito zidzasiyana malinga ndi polojekiti, ndichifukwa chake kusanthula kutentha kuyenera kutengera momwe zinthu zilili pa ntchito m'malo mongoganizira mophweka.

Pamene kutchinjiriza kwachizolowezi kungakhale koyenera

Kuteteza kutentha kwanthawi zonse ndi njira yabwino nthawi zina.

Pa ntchito ya mapaipi afupiafupi, kukhazikitsa kwakanthawi, kapena kugwira ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono pachaka, mtengo wowonjezera wa vacuum insulation sungakhale woyenera nthawi zonse.

Komabe, pa zomangamanga zokhazikika zomwe zimakhala ndi ntchito yopitilira kapena yogwira ntchito kwambiri, makina oteteza vacuum nthawi zambiri amakhala abwino kwambiri akawunikidwa nthawi yonse yogwira ntchito.